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Authenticating

Kubernetes uses client certificates, tokens, or http basic auth to authenticate users for API calls.

Client certificate authentication is enabled by passing the --client-ca-file=SOMEFILE option to apiserver. The referenced file must contain one or more certificates authorities to use to validate client certificates presented to the apiserver. If a client certificate is presented and verified, the common name of the subject is used as the user name for the request.

Token File is enabled by passing the --token-auth-file=SOMEFILE option to apiserver. Currently, tokens last indefinitely, and the token list cannot be changed without restarting apiserver.

The token file format is implemented in plugin/pkg/auth/authenticator/token/tokenfile/... and is a csv file with a minimum of 3 columns: token, user name, user uid, followed by optional group names. Note, if you have more than one group the column must be double quoted e.g.

token,user,uid,"group1,group2,group3"

When using token authentication from an http client the apiserver expects an Authorization header with a value of Bearer SOMETOKEN.

OpenID Connect ID Token is enabled by passing the following options to the apiserver:

• --oidc-issuer-url (required) tells the apiserver where to connect to the OpenID provider. Only HTTPS scheme will be accepted.
• --oidc-client-id (required) is used by apiserver to verify the audience of the token. A valid ID token MUST have this client-id in its aud claims.
• --oidc-ca-file (optional) is used by apiserver to establish and verify the secure connection to the OpenID provider.
• --oidc-username-claim (optional, experimental) specifies which OpenID claim to use as the user name. By default, sub will be used, which should be unique and immutable under the issuer’s domain. Cluster administrator can choose other claims such as email to use as the user name, but the uniqueness and immutability is not guaranteed.
• --oidc-groups-claim (optional, experimental) the name of a custom OpenID Connect claim for specifying user groups. The claim value is expected to be an array of strings.

Please note that this flag is still experimental until we settle more on how to handle the mapping of the OpenID user to the Kubernetes user. Thus further changes are possible.

Currently, the ID token will be obtained by some third-party app. This means the app and apiserver MUST share the --oidc-client-id.

Like Token File, when using token authentication from an http client the apiserver expects an Authorization header with a value of Bearer SOMETOKEN.

Basic authentication is enabled by passing the --basic-auth-file=SOMEFILE option to apiserver. Currently, the basic auth credentials last indefinitely, and the password cannot be changed without restarting apiserver. Note that basic authentication is currently supported for convenience while we finish making the more secure modes described above easier to use.

The basic auth file format is implemented in plugin/pkg/auth/authenticator/password/passwordfile/... and is a csv file with 3 columns: password, user name, user id.

When using basic authentication from an http client, the apiserver expects an Authorization header with a value of Basic BASE64ENCODED(USER:PASSWORD).

Keystone authentication is enabled by passing the --experimental-keystone-url=<AuthURL> option to the apiserver during startup. The plugin is implemented in plugin/pkg/auth/authenticator/request/keystone/keystone.go. For details on how to use keystone to manage projects and users, refer to the Keystone documentation. Please note that this plugin is still experimental which means it is subject to changes. Please refer to the discussion and the blueprint for more details

Plugin Development

We plan for the Kubernetes API server to issue tokens after the user has been (re)authenticated by a bedrock authentication provider external to Kubernetes. We plan to make it easy to develop modules that interface between Kubernetes and a bedrock authentication provider (e.g. github.com, google.com, enterprise directory, kerberos, etc.)

APPENDIX

Creating Certificates

When using client certificate authentication, you can generate certificates manually or using an existing deployment script.

Deployment script is implemented at cluster/saltbase/salt/generate-cert/make-ca-cert.sh. Execute this script with two parameters. First is the IP address of apiserver, the second is a list of subject alternate names in the form IP:<ip-address> or DNS:<dns-name>. The script will generate three files:ca.crt, server.crt and server.key. Finally, add these parameters --client-ca-file=/srv/kubernetes/ca.crt --tls-cert-file=/srv/kubernetes/server.cert --tls-private-key-file=/srv/kubernetes/server.key into apiserver start parameters.

easyrsa can be used to manually generate certificates for your cluster.

1. Download, unpack, and initialize the patched version of easyrsa3.

     curl -L -O https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/easy-rsa/easy-rsa.tar.gz
     tar xzf easy-rsa.tar.gz
     cd easy-rsa-master/easyrsa3
     ./easyrsa init-pki
   

2. Generate a CA. (--batch set automatic mode. --req-cn default CN to use.)

     ./easyrsa --batch "--req-cn=${MASTER_IP}@`date +%s`" build-ca nopass
   

3. Generate server certificate and key. (build-server-full [filename]: Generate a keypair and sign locally for a client or server)

     ./easyrsa --subject-alt-name="IP:${MASTER_IP}" build-server-full kubernetes-master nopass
   

4. Copy pki/ca.crt pki/issued/kubernetes-master.crt pki/private/kubernetes-master.key to your directory.
5. Remember fill the parameters --client-ca-file=/yourdirectory/ca.crt --tls-cert-file=/yourdirectory/server.cert --tls-private-key-file=/yourdirectory/server.key and add these into apiserver start parameters.

openssl can also be use to manually generate certificates for your cluster.

1. Generate a ca.key with 2048bit openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
2. According to the ca.key generate a ca.crt. (-days set the certificate effective time). openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -subj "/CN=${MASTER_IP}" -days 10000 -out ca.crt
3. Generate a server.key with 2048bit openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048
4. According to the server.key generate a server.csr. openssl req -new -key server.key -subj "/CN=${MASTER_IP}" -out server.csr
5. According to the ca.key, ca.crt and server.csr generate the server.crt. openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out server.crt -days 10000
6. View the certificate. openssl x509 -noout -text -in ./server.crt Finally, do not forget fill the same parameters and add parameters into apiserver start parameters.